The job description can be found here: Senior PDRA in Physical Oceanography (D33/23.NF) — Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban UK
Author Archives: Anne-Sophie Fortin
Postdoc in physical oceanography/climate dynamics, University of Bergen
There is a vacancy for a Postdoc position in climate dynamics at the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway, and the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research. The position is for a fixed-term period of 3 years and is associated with the project “Overturning circulation in the new Arctic (ArMOC)” funded by the Research Council of Norway. The project includes international partners from UK, USA, and Sweden.
The appointed postdoctoral researcher will investigate how present and future Arctic climate change impacts the Arctic overturning circulation. This will be achieved by:
– Quantifying changes in Atlantic Water modification along the Atlantic Water Boundary Current.
– Identifying changes in Atlantic Water pathways in present and future climates using Lagrangian simulations.
– Determining the effects of a changing climate on the Arctic overturning circulation.
More information: https://www.jobbnorge.no/en/available-jobs/job/252943/posdoctoral-research-fellow-in-climate-dynamics
Application deadline is 10 December.
Best regards,
Marius Årthun
2 PhD positions in physical oceanography/climate dynamics at the University of Bergen, Norway
Two Ph.D. positions in physical oceanography/climate dynamics related to the overturning circulation in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean are open at the University of Bergen, Norway. Both positions are for a fixed-term period of 3 years with the possibility of a 4th year with compulsory other work (e.g., teaching duties at the department). The positions are also associated with the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research.
PhD1: https://www.jobbnorge.no/en/available-jobs/job/249820/phd-research-fellow-in-physical-oceanography
PhD2: https://www.jobbnorge.no/en/available-jobs/job/249988/phd-position-in-climate-dynamics
PhD1 will focus on the conditions conducive for water mass transformation in or near the East Greenland Current, identify when and where these are met, and place the present state of water mass transformation in the East Greenland Current into historical and future contexts. This will be achieved primarily through analysis of available and new observations, including moored and shipboard measurements of velocity and hydrography as well as hydrographic profiles from autonomous gliders and floats.
PhD2 will investigate the mechanisms of overturning variability in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean, and especially the relationship between overturning circulation and surface forcing. The project will also assess how present and future overturning changes in the Nordic Seas are manifested in the subpolar North Atlantic (OSNAP). The PhD project will rely on the analysis of available observations and data from ocean models/reanalyses.
The deadline is 17 October.
Call for Abstract Submissions – North Atlantic Session at OSM24
Jannes Koelling, Jaime Palter, Ric Williams, Fiamma Straneo, Hilary Palevsky
We’re hosting a session at OSM24 on ocean physics and biogeochemistry in the subpolar North Atlantic and would love to get submissions from the OSNAP community. The abstract and session link are below:
PL005 – Physical transport and biogeochemical cycling in the subpolar North Atlantic (https://agu.confex.com/agu/OSM24/prelim.cgi/Session/195794)
The subpolar North Atlantic is a key region for regulating Earth’s climate which features strong ocean-atmosphere interaction and connects the upper and lower branches of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The progressive transformation from warm surface waters into North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and their subsequent equatorward spreading drives northward ocean heat transport, sequesters anthropogenic carbon, and oxygenates the deep ocean. Recent advances have significantly improved our understanding of sources of AMOC variability and spreading pathways of NADW, as well as the biogeochemical implications of both.
This session will highlight the latest research on ocean physics and biogeochemistry in the subpolar North Atlantic in a broad interdisciplinary setting. We invite contributions on a diverse set of topics including AMOC variability and its connection to Earth’s climate, the transport pathways and transformation of heat, freshwater, oxygen, nutrients and carbon throughout the basin, and their links to air-sea gas exchange, carbon sequestration, and the biological carbon pump. The session encourages submissions using the wealth of data from past and ongoing observational programs, such as OSNAP, OVIDE, AZOMP, and BGC-Argo, as well as studies using regional or global models.
PhD Position Unravelling the Physics Controlling the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Dear colleagues
Within my research group I have an opening for a PhD student to work on the physics of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, using realistic and idealized models [project abstract below for more details on the plan]
Applications are welcomed until mid-September.
In the Dutch system, PhDs become paid university employees for a 4-yr period but can also still enjoy the student facilities on campus. They spend their time almost entirely on their research project, except for tasks in assisting with education [max 10-15% of their time, typically grading exams, co-advising BSc and MSc students]. We expect they have a relevant education at MSc level when they start, although if needed they can take MSc courses / attend summer schools.
Feel free to forward the information to potential candidates.
Regards,
Caroline Katsman
——————————————————————————————————–
Prof. Dr. C.A. (Caroline) Katsman
Environmental Fluid Mechanics / Hydraulic Engineering
Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft University of Technology, NL
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), characterized by northward surface currents and dense return currents, transports vast amounts of heat to high latitudes, and is largely responsible for Western Europe’s relatively mild climate. Climate models project the AMOC will weaken substantially over the 21st century, which impacts weather, climate, sea level and the oceanic carbon cycle. Ground-breaking new observations have led to a major change in our view on the AMOC, as they revealed that the circulation in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic dominates over that in the west. Notably, climate models tend to simulate the opposite. This illustrates their limited skills in representing key AMOC features and the underlying lack of in-depth understanding of its physical controls. This obviously casts doubt on the reliability of scenarios of future AMOC changes that rely on such models.
From theory and idealized modelling studies it is known that three processes in concert determine the AMOC in density space: (1) densewater formation in the interior of marginal seas and its subsequent export, (2) dense water formation within the boundary current system, and (3) the exchange of waters of differing density with the (sub-)Arctic via overflows. However, their relative importance for shaping the AMOC and feedbacks between them are still unknown. Moreover, both are expected to vary strongly across the subpolar North Atlantic since the key factors regulating their physics (eddy dynamics, surface forcing) vary as well. The observations only register the net effect of these processes, and hence careful analysis of ocean models is imperative to address this knowledge gap.
Here, analyses of realistic and idealized model simulations are combined to exploit the capabilities of both. First, the contributions of the three processes controlling the AMOC are quantified in sub-regions of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean from a state-of-the-art model simulation, in depth and density space. Next, their sensitivity to oceanic and atmospheric conditions is systematically explored using an idealized model, which facilitates the qualitative identification of cause-and- effect relations and interdependencies. It provides crucial guidance for the final step: the quantitative analysis and interpretation of AMOC variations from the state-of-the-art model simulation. In all, the the project is expected to provide a robust framework to evaluate the skills of models in simulating the AMOC, help establish strategies for improving them, and aid the interpretation of observed AMOC variations.
POSTDOC IN POLAR PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AT SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
We are looking for a postdoc in physical oceanography to join the Straneo Lab and the Scripps Polar Center. The postdoctoral researcher will investigate the ocean circulation in the Irminger Sea and along Greenland’s coastal margins, as well as linkages to Greenland’s glacial fjords, as part of the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Project (OSNAP) and other funded projects. The postdoc is expected to work with a variety of data (moored, vessel-based, and remotely-sensed) and to work closely with Prof. F. Straneo and her team. Engagement in the planning and execution of fieldwork, and in the mentoring of graduate and undergraduate students, is also expected.
The initial term of the appointment will be 24 months, with the possibility of extension. Preferred start date May-June 2023, but this is negotiable.
Job Responsibility: The individual will be expected to conduct independent, high-quality research in physical oceanography; publish papers; and present work at national and international conferences. The postdoctoral researcher will also work collaboratively with oceanographers at partner institutions both within and outside of the US.
Qualifications: A PhD in physical oceanography or a related field is required by the time of appointment. Experience in collecting and analyzing physical oceanographic data (including programming in Matlab or Python) is highly desirable but not indispensable. Strong oral and written communication skills are expected.
Salary: Commensurate with the individual’s experience and education.
Employment: The University of California, San Diego is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer with a strong institutional commitment to excellence and diversity (http://diversity.ucsd.edu/).
Application Procedure/To apply: Interested individuals should send a CV, a two page statement of research interest that also summarizes past research, and the names and contact information of 3 references to jholte@ucsd.edu.
Postdoctoral scientist position in ocean physics & biogeochemistry coupling
Full Job Description
We are seeking a postdoc scientist to work on large-scale physical controls on nutrient availability and productivity in the North Atlantic Ocean using satellite observations, models, Biogeochemical-Argo, and model outputs.
Desired Qualifications
- PhD in biogeochemistry and/or physical oceanography
- Preference will be given to candidates with training in statistics, and experience with large datasets, including remotely-sensed observations
- Strong publication record
Job Type
Salary and Duration: Regular, full time with salary commensurate with the individual’s experience. This position is renewable after 1 year contingent on performance, and beyond 2 years contingent on performance and funding.
Location: This project is a collaboration between the Cassar (Duke) and Lozier (Georgia Tech) labs with some flexibility in work location.
Starting Date: As soon as possible.
Interested individuals should send a cover letter, a CV, and the names and contact information of at least 3 references to Nicolas Cassar (nicolas.cassar@duke.edu). Review of applications will begin immediately and continue until the position is filled.
Work Environment
Cassar Lab: Research conducted in the Cassar lab at Duke University focuses on biogeochemistry and ecophysiology, with the objective of constraining the mechanisms governing carbon, oxygen and nitrogen cycling. The lab is located on Duke’s main campus in Durham, North Carolina.
Lozier Lab: Research conducted in the Lozier Lab at Georgia Tech focuses on the dynamics of large-scale ocean circulation, particularly those of the meridional overturning circulation in the North Atlantic, and on the physical controls of nutrient availability.
Duke University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer committed to providing employment opportunity without regard to an individual’s age, color, disability, gender, gender expression, gender identity, genetic information, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or veteran status. Duke aspires to create a community built on collaboration, innovation, creativity, and belonging. Our collective success depends on the robust exchange of ideas-an exchange that is best when the rich diversity of our perspectives, backgrounds, and experiences flourishes. To achieve this exchange, it is essential that all community members feel secure and welcome, that the contributions of all individuals are respected, and that all voices are heard. All members of our community have a responsibility to uphold these values.
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Cruise Report AR69-03
By Fiamma Straneo
An awakening of gusty winds and capricious waves Replace images of Reykjavik Hesitant movement on the ship as we abruptly begin Steam, Stop, Sample Rollercoaster at the surface mirrors the spires of the mid-Atlantic ridge beneath us As we head across the Irminger Sea Steam, Stop, Sample A rhythm slowly unfolds Steam, Stop, Sample Waves become longer and movements less hesitant Sensors pierce through young and old waters on their way down Warm waters, suggestive of tropical climes Give way to cold, newly formed mid-depth waters and Look! The deep waters from the Iceland-Scotland Ridge Crawling at the bottom, invisible to the surface The essence of the overturning circulation Text book learning turns into experience Steam, Stop, Sample Until the end of the line Marked by Greenland’s jagged mountains Here icebergs with mesmerizing shapes drift in cold, clear waters Every now and then a glacier comes into view Turn back to pick up buoys left behind last time we were here Steam, Stop, Release Hoping they will cede to our call and drop their anchor Hoping to be the first to spot them as they pierce through the surface Waiting turns into excitement. Steam, Grapple, Hoist Help the heroic instruments back onboard Scrub them clean of temporary dwellers Before greedily listening to the stories they tell. Two years inside the overturning. Steam, Stop, Release Steam, Grapple, Hoist A rhythm slowly unfolds As the instruments pile up on deck Flurry of laptops, cables, instruments Young scientists turned overnight into crusty, able oceanographers Until, one of many low-pressure systems scurrying across the Atlantic, Stalls Over Us Roll, Tie-down, Roll Toes wedged between wall and mattress anchor us during sleep Water floods across the deck Pilot whales surf in the waves by the ship beckoning Then just as it came the storm leaves Leaving sunshine, icebergs, glaciers and northern lights Steam, Stop, Sample Deep canyons guide tropical waters towards the ice Steam, Stop, Sample Time to head back to the buoys Steam, Stop, Release Steam, Grapple, Hoist Every buoy replaced by a twin For more stories in two years. We cross to the Labrador Sea through a steep-walled shortcut Here it all repeats Steam, Stop, Sample Steam, Stop, Release Steam, Grapple, Hoist A rhythm slowly unfolds Backdrop of southwest Greenland’s gentler peaks Crane stops working. Intermission filled by acrobatic flights of dark-eyed fulmars Crane fixed. Steam, Stop, Sample Sensors piercing waters cold and warm, fresh and salty And deep down the dense waters again. Crawling at the bottom, invisible to the surface Steam, Stop, Sample Vials of precious salty waters packed in endless boxes with little numbers Some emptied into alchemic alembics The vials too tell stories. This time of origin and happenings along the way Steam, Stop, Release Steam, Grapple, Hoist Every buoy replaced by a twin To measure for two more years At night different canyons drive same swirling currents Steam, Stop, Sample In the day Steam, Grapple, Hoist At night Crane breaks. No fix this time Pause nonetheless to watch great shearwaters wing-dipping in cold water Without a crane weights are dragged on deck Until all the twins are deployed. Take a break in the icy, flat waters of a fjord before heading out into another storm Cape Desolation beckons us with its submerged rocks and mountains Whale spouts in the distance and stiff wind ahead Forty knots gusting fifty Fifty knots gusting sixty This is the North Atlantic after all Roll, Tie-down, Roll Steam, Stop, Sample White waves bounce us in the dark. Until time’s up And the lights of Nuuk’s bustling harbor appear Hesitant movement on land after 37 days at sea Ocean data, recently declared world heritage, Tucked deep in our pockets in a small hard-drive A giant effort by a ship, 17 scientists and 22 crew A small step forward for overturning science To be continued to provide answers twin buoy after twin buoy vial after vial one crusty oceanographer after another.
The OSNAP zoo
By Donald Slater
The walk-in fridge in the main lab of the RV Neil Armstrong has for the past 5 weeks functioned as anything but a fridge. With storage space at a premium, it has hosted much of the moored instrumentation, including the microcats that measure ocean temperature and salinity, and the aquadopps that measure ocean velocity. The door has further become a pinboard for the birds, whales and mystery gelatinous objects encountered on our travels, collectively known as the OSNAP zoo. Before diving into the individuals that inhabit the OSNAP zoo, I’ll note that Aurora Roth has found Greenlandic names for many of the species and locations, which are noted in parentheses.
Starting with the birds, we do not count among us any ornithologists of great repute, so all identifications should be taken with a pinch of salt. Speaking personally, it is at the relatively tender age of 32 that I find myself at the top of the slippery slope that leads to spotting scopes, but I have been ably assisted by enthusiastic colleagues. We steamed out of Reykjavik on 19 August accompanied by bold gannets (timmik) and shy puffins (qilanngaq), the latter clumsily shooting under the water at the first sign of the boat. We picked up some great shearwater (qaqullunnaq) during our transit of the Irminger Sea, before proximity to southeast Greenland brought sightings of little auk (appaliarsuk) and common murre. While sheltering in the mouth of Tasermiut Fjord in southwest Greenland we were graced by a magnificent white-tailed eagle, and once further offshore, kittiwake.
What started out as an OSNAP aviary rather quickly became a zoo with the sighting of pilot whales (niisarnaq) on 22 August in the central Irminger Sea, where a huge pod appeared to be playing together in the waves for a number of hours. Pilot whales have been perhaps our most frequent sighting, but we’ve also glimpsed seals, orca, humpback and fin whales, most commonly on the east rather than west coast. The crew on the bridge of the boat are always the first to spot a whale, and often kindly radio down to the science lab where there is then a scrambling for jackets and binoculars.
Some creatures have been brought out of the ocean against their will. While in Ikerasassuaq (Prince Christian Sound) one of the crew caught some Atlantic cod that constituted dinner that evening. A great variety of life has emerged from the ocean on our recovered moorings, including basket stars and many hard to identify gelatinous creatures, some apparently found to be clavelina lepadiformis. We’ve also had some smaller birds temporarily increase the number of boat inhabitants beyond 39 humans. In late August, during a storm with winds of 50 mph and waves over 4 m, a small group of Greenland wheatear found refuge on the bow of the Armstrong, but sadly perished a few days later. In early September, while over 70 miles offshore in the Labrador Sea, we were visited by a sanderling (siorarsiooq), who surveyed the boat for a few hours before deciding it preferred its own company.
Our most constant companions, however, have been fulmars. Since leaving Reykjavik harbour to the time of writing near Cape Desolation, there has not been a moment without fulmars in view, so that it would be easy to believe the same fulmars have followed us every step of the way. Fulmars constitute the first chapter of The Seabird’s Cry by Adam Nicolson, a book that Fiamma will recommend to anyone who will listen, and which describes fulmars as “wind-runners, wind-dancers, the wind-spirits, alive with an evolved ability to live with the wind, in it and on it.” This has certainly been our impression from the boat – the fulmars coming into their own on particularly windy days, when they like to glide from the stern to the bow within touching distance of the boat, then wheel away with dramatic acceleration out into the ocean before looping around behind us to repeat the acrobatics.
Within a few days we’ll arrive in Nuuk and touch our first land for 36 days. This brings mixed feelings from relief at the freedom of leaving the boat to the sadness of the end of a unique experience. The walk-in fridge in the main lab of the RV Neil Armstrong, having temporarily hosted a thriving ecosystem, will go back to being a walk-in fridge.
[Greenlandic animal names may be found at https://oqaasileriffik.gl/en/terms-of-greenlandic-animals/]
Stories in Greenlandic Place Names along the Southeast Coast (Straneo OSNAP AR69-03)
By Aurora Roth
On September 1, almost halfway through the cruise, we passed through Ikerasassuaq (“big sound”, alternately known as Prince Christian Sound). It’s a long narrow channel that demarcates the north end of Uummannarsuaq (“large heart-shaped place” or Cape Farewell), at the southern tip of Kalaallit Nunnat (Greenland). Travelling through this fjord marked our transition from work on the southeast coast and the Cape Farewell mooring array to work on the southwest coast and the Labrador Sea mooring array. Until this, we had been moving up and down the southeast coast (see map for cruise track), completing hydrographic surveys, taking water samples, and replacing long-term instruments that will live in the depths of the ocean taking measurements for the next two years. The coasts, seas, glaciers, histories, and settlements of the southeast and southwest regions are wildly different, and going through Ikerasassuaq felt like going through a portal to a different world.
We followed a cargo ship into Ikerasassuaq, bound for Qaqortoq (“white”), the largest town in the south of Greenland. We saw the lights of Aappilattoq (“the reddish place”), the first town we’ve seen as we stopped in the sound for the night. In contrast, the southeast coast has no towns, though there are archeological sites of older settlements. The southeast coast, with its steep mountains and glaciers plunging into the ocean, isn’t the best place for permanent towns, but it used to be travelled often by people from further north around Ammassalik (“the place with capelin”). From Ammassalik, people would travel south and around the bottom of Greenland to the west coast to trade and meet up with West Greenlanders. As the east coast was colonized, a Danish trading post and mission were set up in Ammassalik. Travelling along this part of the southeast coast stopped as trading with Denmark replaced travelling to trade with West Greenland. As a consequence, East Greenlanders became even more isolated from the populous western side (Gulløv 1995). Now, the few people that follow this coast and navigate around the icebergs here are from adventure sailing and climbing expeditions and the occasional research vessel, like us. For almost two weeks we didn’t see any other vessels. There is also a lasting separation between East Greenland and West Greenland, and East Greenlanders are often marginalized, with less access to resources, fewer education opportunities, and less power in the national government.
I’ve been wondering what knowledge, place names, and connections have been lost here along this stretch of coast as a result of colonization. Documented Greenlandic place names are sparse here, but what I could find (mostly from a report by the Danish Geodata Agency, reviewed by Oqaasileriffik, the Greenlandic Language Secretariat) made this coast feel more animated. The place names show how Greenlanders gave their attention to and were in a relationship with this stretch of coastline – Timmiarmiut fjord and glacier means “habitation of the birds”. Sikuijivitteq means “where it is never free of ice”. Puisortoq glacier means “how often something comes to the surface” but also “puisi” is a word for seal and perhaps this is related? Anoritooq glacier and fjord, meaning “where it is very windy”.
Our furthest north point was Timmiarmiut fjord. We surveyed the underwater trough that extends beyond the fjord onto the continental shelf. This trough, and others like it, were made over 10,000 years ago when the sea level was lower and glaciers of the ice sheet extended further. After sending our instruments down into the water above the trough, we watched squiggly lines form on the screens in the lab. These data tell us that cold water with a temperature below 0°C was following the trough out into the ocean but near the surface, and warmer water (3-4°C) from the North Atlantic and Gulf Stream was flowing into the bottom of the trough. We call the cold water “Polar Water” and it’s a mix of glacial ice melt, sea ice melt, and water from the Arctic Ocean. Its freezing point is below 0°C because it’s salty ocean water despite being less salty than other ocean waters. The Polar Water and warmer Atlantic water come together and intermingle at different depths, trying to figure out where to go as they meet each other and mix. We collected data at other fjord outlets and troughs as we came back south along the coast. Each time we saw this layering of colder, fresher water, sitting above warmer, saltier water and saw thin layers of each water type trying to weave together. The outcome of this meeting and weaving is what controls how much warm water can come into fjords and contact glaciers causing further melt, and how much glacial meltwater can then come out of fjords and mix into the North Atlantic Ocean, affecting large-scale ocean currents and climate.
From velocity measurements taken with Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs), we started to map out how these troughs make the East Greenland Coastal Current wiggle and turn, further complicating this meeting of different waters. Even when hundreds of meters deep, the ocean can “feel” the bottom topography and responds to it by changing course. Sometimes in the data, we could see eddies generated from the troughs that were swirling in circles, causing water to mix. To make things even more complicated, we experienced two days of strong winds while collecting data. The winds pushed the surface of the ocean around causing waves and more mixing of water. When the winds blow from north to south, this sets up the physics of the ocean to push the warmer water closer to the coast. When I step back and take this all in, there is so much movement and action at every scale. Everything affects everything else. It’s sort of amazing that we can make any sense of the data we collect at all, that we can figure out stories of what’s happening here and why it matters.
Many of the glaciers along the southeast coast have transitioned in the last two decades from ending in the ocean to now ending on land, retreating up into valleys, deflating from their moraines, and separating into different branches. When a glacier loses its direct connection with the ocean, it changes how the glacier meltwater mixes nutrients into the ocean and it changes the marine ecosystem. One of the things we’re doing on this cruise is collecting water samples to analyze for nutrients (like nitrate, phosphate, silicate, etc) to understand this story better. The Greenlandic place names speak to these ecosystems supported by glaciers, of the birds and seals (even the winds which are impacted by glaciers). I wonder how long the place names that remain will continue to describe these places, or even if they still do.
We are here now in Kalaallit Nunaat, as western-trained scientists trying to understand certain stories of this place. Greenlandic people and culture have stories of this place too that are equally important. Sometimes glimpses of those stories are found in the Greenlandic place names. The small act of putting in effort and time to figure out place names, and use them in conversation, outreach, or academic publications, is a small act of acknowledging Greenlandic presence and relationship here. It’s also an act that acknowledges what was violently lost due to colonization and what stories and names have persisted despite it.
Learn More
Greenland Pilot – Explanations of the Place Names from the Danish Geodata Agency
- https://eng.gst.dk/media/9097/gp-explanations-of-the-place-names_2015_skr_27_2020.pdf
- https://eng.gst.dk/about-us/news-archive/2020/the-danish-geodata-agencys-publications-on-navigation-in-greenland-waters-are-now-all-digital
More on Greenlandic Place Names
- Oqaasileriffik, The Language Secretariat of Greenland
- Bjørk, A. A., Kruse, L. M., and Michaelsen, P. B.: Brief communication: Getting Greenland’s glaciers right – a new data set of all official Greenlandic glacier names, The Cryosphere, 9, 2215–2218, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2215-2015, 2015.
References
Hans Christian Gulløv. Olden times in Southeast Greenland: New archaeological investigations and the oral tradition. Études Inuit Studies Vol. 19, No. 1, Archéologie, Art, Ethnicité (1995), pp. 3-36.
Morlighem M. et al., (2017), BedMachine v3: Complete bed topography and ocean bathymetry mapping of Greenland from multi-beam echo sounding combined with mass conservation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, doi:10.1002/2017GL074954, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL074954/full